To the Discussion Leader Summary Thinking About the Book Student Activities Author Interview

To the Discussion Leader
Who better to tell the story of the battle of the Alamo than a fifth-generation Texan. Sherry Garland's great-great grandfather "...went to Texas while it was still a Republic." Garland's knowledge of and love for the Lone Star State and its history shines through in A Line in the Sand: The Alamo Diary of Lucinda Lawrence.

Lucinda Lawrence's diary offers a first-hand look at the early attempts of Mexican soldiers to take a cannon from the Texans in her home town of Gonzales; the growing tensions between the two sides; and the tragedies of Goliad, the Runaway Scrape, and the Battle of the Alamo. The diary is a blend of historical events and daily life in Texas of 1836. Talk of war and specific battles is mingled with descriptions of making lye soap, butchering hogs, and harvesting cotton. Familiar historical figures, from Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie to Sam Houston and Santa Anna, share the stage with Lucinda's fictional family.

Lucinda's brother Willis is certainly a hero as he crosses the line in the sand at the Alamo and gives his life in the fight for freedom. But Lucinda's parents are heroes as well. Mama and Papa were pioneers who left security behind to blaze a new life of possibilities for themselves and their family on the Texas frontier. The diary Sherry Garland has written is not about the glory of war. It is, rather, a story about dreams, courage, freedom, and determination.

Summary
"The land is so unspoiled and beautiful-sometimes my heart fills up with so much joy and freedom, I have to whoop and run across the prairie like a wild mustang. I pray we never, never leave this place." The unspoiled woodlands and rolling prairies of Gonzales, Texas, described by thirteen-year-old Lucinda Lawrence in her birthday diary, are part of the Mexican Republic and Lucinda's home. When she writes those words on Thursday, September 17, 1835, Lucinda is unaware of the hardships and grief about to befall her family and the land she loves-changes that will jolt her comfortable existence and scar her unspoiled prairie.

Within days of her birthday, Lucinda realizes that dangerous times are at hand. Lucinda's papa and his friends begin discussing the explosive situation Texan settlers have created by resisting the Mexican government's orders. After overhearing her father's declaration that the "dern fool agitators are gonna get us all kilt," Cinda writes in her journal that "papa's words chilled my soul; even now I cannot get them out of my mind."

Famous and not-so famous Texans ride, shoot, argue, and march across the pages of Cinda Lawrence's diary. Even David Crockett plays his fiddle as he and the Lawrence family travel toward San Antonio. Lucinda is dazzled by Crockett's charm: "Mr. Crockett told me I had the prettiest red hair he'd ever seen. Maybe he was joshing, but I will never forget him as long as I live." Lucinda Lawrence's chronicle of the Texan army's victories and defeats at Goliad, the Alamo, and the San Jacinto River come alive as she prays and worries about her brothers, her uncles, her friends, and her father-all the men and boys who are involved in Texas's fight for independence from Mexico. Some of the most stirring words in Lucinda's journal recount the final battle: "The Texans charged the Mexican troops while they were having an afternoon siesta. Our boys shouted, 'Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!' and their ardor won the victory." As word of the victory spreads through the civilian campsites, Mrs. Lawrence turns her wagon toward home and proclaims, "We've put too much blood and tears in this Texas soil to turn back now."

Thinking About the Book
1. The Lawrence family is made up of six carefully developed characters. What one word would you use to describe each of the Lawrences: Papa, Mama, Willis, Lucinda, Lemuel, and Green? Explain your choices.

2. Why is A Line in the Sand: The Alamo Diary of Lucinda Lawrence set in Gonzales, Texas?

3. Early on in Lucinda's diary, Papa and Willis disagree over whether or not the Texans should fight the Mexican Army. What were the reasons for and against the war?

4. On December 11, Mrs. Lawrence says, "It's a sin to take pleasure in the death of any human, be he friend or foe" and Lucinda poses a question in her diary: "I wonder if she would say the same if Willis had been killed?" How would you feel if one of your relatives had been killed in a war? If you were interviewing victims of violence and told them what Mrs. Lawrence said, do you think they would agree?

5. Many of the Spanish words Lucinda uses are still part of our vocabulary, even though we live in the United States and not Mexico. Do you know the meaning of these words? Are they part of your everyday language?

Student Activities
1. Some of the Dear America books are being made into movies. If you had a chance to be a director and choose any actor or actress to play in the film version of A Line in the Sand: the Alamo Diary of Lucinda Lawrence, who would you select to play each of the major characters? Why?

2. Lucinda and her best friend Mittie are very different. What do they have in common? Are you and your best friend different from each other? Make a fishbone diagram to show the differences between Mittie and Lucinda and then do one for you and your best friend.

3. Susanna Dickinson was a real person, who, with her daughter Angelina, survived the Battle of the Alamo. See what else you can find out about Susanna. A book you might enjoy on this subject is John Jakes's Susanna of the Alamo.

4. Although there is much sadness in Lucinda's diary, she also records happy times. Re-read the story of the salty egg (November 18) and take a look at the author interview in this guide to see how Sherry Garland learned about this custom. Folklore is filled with such customs and beliefs. For example, it is said that you will dream of what your future husband looks like if you sleep with a mirror under your pillow. Interview some of your relatives and see if they remember growing up hearing similar sayings and customs.

An Interview with Sherry Garland
Richard F. Abrahamson, Ph.D. and Linda M. Pavonetti, Ed.D.: Your family has had deep roots in Texas for five generations. In fact, Lucinda Lawrence is patterned after your great-grandmother. How did these Texas ties influence you as you wrote Lucinda's diary?

Sherry Garland: I think being a fifth generation Texan made me feel more like an ambassador for Texas than I would have felt otherwise. The events and people I wrote about had breathed the same air, walked the same ground, and seen the same sights that I have. My own family's history follows that of Texas, and at times I felt like I was writing about them. For example, my grandmother (born in 1876) remembered riding in a covered wagon as a child and being frightened of Indian raids. Several scenes reflect my memory of my grandparent's farm. I used to watch my grandmother make soap in a big black iron kettle. My grandfather used to kill a hog every fall, but being a very gentle person, hated it. If I had never lived on farms myself or seen the sights of Texas, I know I would not have been able to write this story with as much passion.

RFA & LMP: In doing the research on the battle at the Alamo and events leading up to it, what did you learn that surprised you most?

SG: I think the first thing that surprised me was the youthfulness of the defenders of the Alamo. Travis was only 26. Santa Anna and Houston were both 40, and Davy Crockett, at 49, was considered old. Secondly, I learned that Mexico had just cause to fight the Texans. I learned that there were heroes on both sides of the Alamo walls, that many Mexican soldiers faced death as proudly and bravely as the Texans. Lastly, I learned that the tragedy of the Alamo could have been avoided altogether. Sam Houston had ordered Bowie to blow up the old mission fortress and evacuate the Texan army from San Antonio. Had it not been for Travis and a few other stubborn men, the battle of the Alamo would have never happened.

RFA & LMP: For the most part, the women in your book are strong and resilient. In fact, you have Davy Crockett remark, "I've never met a braver lot than Texan wives and mothers." What did you admire most about the Texan women?

SG: What I admire most about the Texan women was their "pioneering spirit." They left their homes and families in the States and traveled by boat or wagon across hundreds of miles. They endured hardships and made sacrifices almost beyond imagination by today's standards. But most importantly, they kept their families together. Though often illiterate themselves, they wanted schools for their children. They worshipped and instilled values in their children. I especially admire those women in Gonzales who lost their husbands at the Alamo; who carried the added burden of being widows with no means of support. But like the young widow, Sydnie Kellogg, who gave birth in the back of a cart in the pouring rain during the Runaway Scrape, they survived by strength and willpower.

RFA & LMP: How did you find out about the custom of the salty egg?

SG: Many of the customs mentioned in this book were passed on to me from my ancestors. Another custom to foretell who a girl would marry was to look into the well at high noon on Mayday (May 1). Supposedly a girl would see the face of the fellow she would marry. My grandmother swore she saw my grandfather's face in the well when she was a teenager. A third way involved a special plant called lovelocks, that curls around weeds in the summer. A girl would take a piece of it, put it on a different weed and give it the name of a boy she liked. If the lovelocks lived, that is the boy she would marry.

RFA & LMP: If you could ask young readers one question after they finished reading Lucinda's diary, what would that question be?

SG: I would ask readers if they learned something new about Texas history, if they have changed their idea of what the Battle of the Alamo was all about.

RFA & LMP: What is one thing you hope young readers will take with them after reading A Line in the Sand: The Alamo Diary of Lucinda Lawrence?

SG: Of course, I want them to enjoy reading the book and feel like they were there in 1836. But also, I hope they have a better understanding of the causes of the Texas Revolution, of the lives and times of the settlers, and the hardships the families endured. I hope they gain a sense of the courage and sacrifice that it takes to stand up for an idea you believe in. I hope that one day, if they are faced with a situation that requires deep conviction and courage, they will remember the Alamo.

Discussion Guide written by Richard F. Abrahamson, Ph.D., Professor of Literature for Children and Young Adults, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, and Linda M. Pavonetti, Ed.D., Assistant Professor, Oakland University, Department of Reading and Language Arts, Rochester, Michigan.